Class
Struggles
in the
USSR

page 539
Index
Absenteeism, 181 Administrative apparatus  Bolshevik Party relations with,     251, 293-300, 400,     529n-30n   central government organs     and, 255-56   Cheka and, 284, 286-88   class character and indepen-     dence of administration,     337-43   dissolution of party in, 302   and elimination of bourgeois      organizations, 259, 261-70   independence from party,     272-74, 332   in internal functions of party,     300-11   intraparty struggle over,     408-10   in party membership, 320   and purge of party, 524-25   and Red Army, 275-78, 282   and Soviet organs, 270-73   theoretical heritage and,     342-43  class character of, 337-43,     515-16, 522-23  controlling size of, 511  development of socialist     economic relations and,     490-93		and disappearance of exploit-     ing classes, 29-32  effects of prolonged recourse     to, 514  and governmentalization of     trade unions, 35, 52n,     182-83, 384-91, 395,     455  hostile to dictatorship of pro-     letariat, 525-26  identified with dictatorship of     proletariat, 518  identity of masses and, in ac-     tion, 460  independence of, 329-44   class effect, 329-31   conditions for, 333-43   independence from party     and government, 272-74   intraparty struggle over,     408-10   objective basis of process,     331-33  labor discipline and, 186  "left communists" dispersed     by, 376  mass control of, 493-95, 507  mass line or administrative     centralism, 428-311  middle peasants and, 227  as not socialist, 446-47  petty bourgeois in, 162-63
page 540
Administrative apparatus (cont.)  principle of subordination to,     182-84  problem of appointment of,     405-8  Red Army feeding, 283  transformation of, 255  in transformation of role of     soviet organs, 270-72  undeclared opposition from,     415-31  Workers' Opposition and,     388-89  See also Technicians Administrative centralism, 153,     201, 428-31 Afghanistan, 70 Agricultural communes, 226,     247n, 248n  emergence of, 228-29  land code of 1922 and, 236  land held by, 220  numbers of, 228, 229 Agricultural labor, 237 Agricultural production  collapse of, 238  compulsion and, 355  decline in, 221, 232, 241-42,     249n  features of forms of, 517-18  increasing, 248n  requisitioning and, 353; see     also Requisitioning  See also Grain production Aigun, Treaty of (1858), 87n Alaska, 70 Albania, 13 All-Russia Central Executive     Committee of the     Soviets (CEC, VTsIK),		148, 149, 151, 179, 256,     302, 383  Bolshevik Party and, 105-10  bourgeois parties and, 259-60  Cheka supervised by, 285, 287  Mensheviks and, 266  and poor peasants' committees,     350-51  salaries of, 165  SRs and, 262, 269 All-Russia Committee for Aid to     Famine Victims (1921),     258 All-Russia Conference of Factory     Committees, 75 All-Russia Congress of Workers'     and Soldiers' Soviets     (1917), 77, 106-7 All-Russia Council of Factory     Committees, 151 All-Russia Council of Workers'     Control, 148-49, 151-53 All-Russia Electrification Com-     mission (Goelro), 153 All-Russia Peasant's Congress     (1917), 211 All-Union Central Council of     Trade Unions, 370 Anarchists, 179, 190, 362  and dictatorship of proletariat,     189  and election of offlcials, 407  elimination of, 264-65, 268  GPU watch, 527  and Kronstadt, 365  and rise of soviets, 75  and workers' control, 150  and Workers' Opposition, 398,     403 Anarcho-populists, 364
page 541
Anarcho-syndicalists, 150, 179 Andreyev, A. A., 390 Apparatchiki, defined, 312; see     also Administrative ap-     paratus Asia, 424, 496 Association of Agronomists, 151 Association of Engineers and  Technicians, 151 Austrian Social Democratic     Party, 469-70 Autonomization, 421 Bebel, A., 29, 461 Black market, 361 Bogayevsky, General, 206n Bogdanov, A. A., 122 Bolshevik, origin of term, 120 Bolshevik Central Committee,     26, 123, 401  administrative staff of, 303-4  and appointment of cadres and     functionaries, 405-8  and Brest-Litovsk treaty,     372-74  coalition government and,     371-72  demand for workers on, 383   increasing size with, 429-31  diminishing authority of, 311  favors insurrection, 81-83, 90n,     370, 371  and foreign-trade monopoly,     417-19  government in hands of, 108  Lenin's view of (1917-1918),     378  mass line and administrative     centralism in, 429  military opposition and, 382		nationalities problem in,     419-23  nature of discussions in, 300-1   intraparty factions, 399, 400   party discipline and, 125   party unity rule and, 526, 527  proletarian party policy and,     309  Secretariat of, see Secretariat  technicians used by, 374-75  Trotsky's and Bukharin's ideas     opposed in, 389-91  undeclared opposition in, 416 Bolshevik Party, 58, 345-435  administrative apparatus and,     see Administrative ap-     paratus  bourgeoisie and, see     Bourgeoisie  dictatorship of proletariat and,     see Dictatorship of pro-     letariat  discussions in, 368   factions, 399, 430, 432n, 526  economism and, 33-42   and NEP, 497-503   See also Economism  on eve of October, 80  formed, 117-18  ideological and political strug-     gles in, 345-46, 368-435   before civil war, 368-79   at end of "war communism"     and beginning of NEP,     395-435   during "war communism"     period, 380-94  internationalist attitude of,     90n  in July days, 90n, 127n  and Kronstadt uprising, 365-66
page 542
Bolshevik Party (cont.)  Lenin's last writings and, 438;     see also Lenin, Vladimir     Ilich  membership of, 207n-8n,     292-93   increase in, 317-18   introducing workers and   peasants, 429-31   1917, 124   1917-1923, 194   peasants in, 194, 216, 315     21, 429-31   social composition of,     315-21  peasantry and, see Peasantry  primacy of productive forces     for, 26, 27  proletarian character of, fragile,     447-48  purges, 10, 317-18, 320,     524-27  replacing, 48n  and rise of soviets, 73, 75-76  state capitalism as policy of,     464-69, 487; see also     State capitalism  tasks of, 60-62, 63n  and "war communism," 456   mistakes, 456-59   origin of illusions on,     459-62  in winter crisis (1920-     1921), 362-63  and working class, see Working     class  See also specific organs of the     Party; for example: Bol-     shevik Central Commit-     tee; Politburo Bolshevism, 359, 368, 377		Bourgeois-democratic revolu-     tion, see Democratic     revolution Bourgeois humanism, 170 Bourgeois ideology  and cult of spontaneity, 115-16  in educational system, 168-71  and independence of state     machine, 332-36  influence on petty bourgeoisie,     162  labor discipline and, 178-80  in Marxism, 50n  partial shaking of, 202  in party, 309-10, 368  in Red Army, 281-82  workers' control and, 147  in Workers' Opposition, 405 Bourgeois nationalism, 419 Bourgeois parties and press,     257-70 Bourgeois repression in party,     426 Bourgeoisie  administrative apparatus under   influence of, 295; see   also Administrative ap-   paratus  and Bolshevik Party   dominates party, 296-300   party leadership style and,     311-12, 324-25   penetrates party, 521   transformation of relations     with, 133-42   undeclared intraparty oppo-     sition and forces of,     415-31  breakdown of collaboration be-     tween peasants and,     80-85
page 543
breaking power of, 57, 84,     91-92  bureaucracy as embryo of new,     314; see also State     bourgeoisie  concepts of socialism, 470  democratic revolution and, 116  dictatorship of proletariat trans-     forms relations with,     133-42  educational system and con-     solidation of, 168-71  elimination of private, 160-61,     332-33  at end of "war communism,"     159-71  inside proletarian party,     413-14  "left Communists" and, 374  NEP and, 401  and rise of soviets, 74  rural, 160, 243-45, 337-38  Russian village and, 78  technicians and restored lead-     ership of, 153-55, 203n;     see also Technicians  weakness of, in tsarist times,     71, 72, 88n Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918),     106, 261, 263, 348, 468,     520  intraparty struggle over,     372-74 Britain, 70, 71, 480 Bukharin, N., 99, 144, 152, 354  administrative apparatus and,     530n  and Brest-Litovsk, 373  change of line by, 204n  economism and, 34, 38		and foreign-trade monopoly,     416   in intraparty struggles, 384   ideas of j 408, 413, 498   Lenin opposes, 389-92   nationalities question and,     419, 420   rejection of ideas of, 395-97   trade-union question, 384-88  labor discipline and, 185  "left Communist" trend of, 375,     378  managerial technicians and,     156-59, 204n  piece work and, 174  on Politburo, 302  removed from VSNKh, 154  Russification opposed by, 310  state capitalism and, 468   views on compulsory self-     discipline, 387  views on restoration of     bourgeois power, 297-300  and "war communism," 455  on workers' democracy in     party, 313 Bureaucracy, 327n  opposition to, 313-18, 330, 482,     511, 516-17; see also     Administrative ap-     paratus Cadet party, 130n, 262  in educational system, 169  elimination of, 257-59  and Kronstadt uprising, 364,     365 Capitalism  crisis of, 47
page 544
Capitalism (cont.)  development of, 118   in countryside, 214, 215, 244  illusions about disappearance     of capitalist relations,     461-62  proletarian practices in social     relations of, 334-35  requisitioning and, 353-54; see     also "War communism"     period  as social relation, 156, 205n  transition from, to communism,     127n   labor discipline and, 176  See also State capitalism; and     entries beginning with     term: Production Central Committee (Congress of     Soviets), bourgeois par-     ties and, 260 Central Committee (Russian So-     cial Democratic Labor     Party), 121, 122 Central Committee (Russian So-     cial Democratic Labor     Party [Bolshevik]), 273,     see also Bolshevik Cen-     tral Committee Central Control Commission     (1920), 287, 288, 305-6,     527 Central Executive Committee of     Russia, formed, 74 Central Trade Union Council,     151, 173 Cheka (extraordinary commis-     sion), 111, 131n, 456  development of, 283-88, 293  as indispensable, 266  intelligentsia in, 161  labor camps under, 207n		in provinces, 295     SRs in, 261 China,10, 242, 291n, 322-23, 492  army of, 129n, 281, 290n  socialist transition in, 42, 47  state capitalism and, 476n  tsarist expansion and, 70, 71,     87n-88n  USSR and, 13-16 Chinese Communist Party,     300-1, 410, 443, 476n,     500  army under, 129n, 281  dictatorship of proletariat     and, 49n  leading role of, 128n, 291n  on Stalin, 26 Coercion, 34-35  of middle peasants, 226-27  requisitioning as, 34, 58, 330-     34, 337, 352-55, 455  under "war communism,"     454-57, 459  See also Labor discipline Collective farms, 349  compelling peasants to join,     226  poor peasants and, 222  property of, 21-23 Collectivism, emergence of,     228-29 Collectivization, 27, 300 Committee of Public Safety     (France), 284 Commodity relations, 15, 16,     461-62  reestablished, 484-85 Communal facade of mir, 214;     see also: Mir Communist Saturdays, 196-98,     209n Communist work, 198-202
page 545
Compulsion, state, 34; see also     Coercion Concessions, defined, 248n Confiscation, 467; see also     Nationalization; Requi-     sitioning Congress of Peasants' Soviets,     106 Constitutional Assembly, 103,     107, 257, 262, 362 Contracts, labor, 186 Cooperation, 487-90, 511 Council of Labor and Defense     (STO), 187-88 Council of People's Commissars   (Sovnarkom)  administrative machinery of,   111, 272, 302  Bolshevik Palty and, 105-6  Cadet party banned by, 257  Cheka created by, 283  labor discipline and, 186-87  local authorities and, 110  relations between VTsIK and,     107-10  soviet congresses and, 256  soviet organs and, 272  VSNKh under, 153 Councils  school, 169-70  system of economic, 153  See also Soviets; Workers' con-     trol Countryside class relations, see     Peasantry Craftsmen, 162 Cuba, 14, 48n Cult of spontaneity, 115-16 Cultivation methods, mir and,   218 Cultural revolution, 298-99,   493-95, 511		Currency depreciation, 175, 361,   388, 461 Czechoslovakia, 9, 14 Dan, F. I., 266 Democracy, workers', lack of, in     Party, 312-13 Democratic centralism (concept),   122, 153, 369, 411, 520,   521 Democratic Centralism (group),   384, 388 Democratic parties, 366  elimination of, 257-70 Democratic revolution, 101, 202,   348-49, 449, 478-79,   517  agrarian, and hope for socialist     agrarian revolution,   219-24  balance sheet of,     439-42  carrying out, 116-17  class character of, 210; see also     Peasantry -- class rela-   tions  interweaving of, with proleta-     ian revolution, 84-86  in Red Army, 280-81 Deserters, workers as, 187, 188 Détente, 13 Dictatorship of proletariat,     91-132  Bolshevik Party leadership in,     359-61   administrative machinery of     state and, 111; see also     Administrative ap-     paratus   and changes in party, 292     328, 347-67
page 546
Dictatorship of proletariat  Bolshevik Party leadership     in (cont.)   characteristics and limita-     tions of party role, 93-96   effects of party changes on     functions of, 311-25   and establishment of soviet     organs and Soviet gov-     ernment, 104-5   and government in hands of     party, 108-10   ideological obstacles to     strengthening dictator-     ship, 514-23   and inexperience of party,     125   and "infallible" party, 387   internal changes in party     and, 300-11   leading role of party,113-26,     127n-28n   mass line and, 191-93   and merging of party with     advanced elements of     working class, 193-95,     358   October and, 92-96   political obstacles to     strengthening dictator-     ship, 523-29   proletarian power wielded     through, 97-99   Red Army and, 112; see also     Red Army   state capitalism and, 464-69;     see also State capitalism   strengthening of dictator-     ship, 506-14   worker-peasant alliance and,     99-103		class struggle under, 16; see     also specific classes  and constitution of proletariat     as dominant class, 188-91  difficulty in maintaining,     179-80  establishment of soviet organs     and Soviet government     under, 104-13  forms of ownership of means of     production and, 21-22;     see also Means of pro-     duction  forms of proletarian power and,     96-104  NEP and, see New Economic     Policy  as new era, 442-43, 446-49  peasant-worker alliance and,     478-81, 485-86, 491-96  proletarian party and con-     solidating, 414-15  special features of, established     by October, 87  state and, 391-92; see also     State  state capitalism under, 464-75;     see also State capitalism  the system of dictatorship,     97-99  transformation of principal in     struments of, 251-53;     see also Administrative     apparatus   transformed relations with     bourgeoisie, 132-42  Workers' Opposition weakness     on, 403, 404 Distribution, state, 451-53; see     also "War communism"     period
page 547
District soviets, rise of, 73 Dogadov, A. I., 429 Duma, 72, 117, 123 Dutov, General, 206n Dzerzhinsky, F., 310, 390, 426, Economic apparatus, bourgeoisie     in, after October, 141;     see also Technicians Economic councils, system of,     153; see also Workers'     control Economic reforms, 11-12 Economism, 51n, 52n  cessation of fight against, in     Bolshevik Party, 33-42  criticized (1902), 115-16  in European labor movements     and Communist parties,     41-45  five year plans and, 37-41  in foreign-trade monopoly     question, 418  in interpretation of NEP,     497-503; see also     New Economic Policy  in Lenin's thought, 473  Marxism as, 16, 46  problematic of productive     forces and, 32  social foundations of, 36-37  of Workers' Opposition, 409 Economy, see specific aspects     of economy; for example:     Capitalism; Industry;  Production relations Educational system, 205n  bureaucracy and, 516, 517  and consolidation of     bourgeoisie, 168-71		Eight-hour day, 173 Eighth All-Russia Congress of     Soviets (Dec. 1920),     267, 390 Eighth Congress of Bolshevik     Party (Mar. 1919), 317,     330, 352, 382  and control of Soviet republic,     273, 295, 302  and middle peasants, 224,     226-30  new party program at, 186,     382-84  party membership at, 124, 315  self-determination of nations     and, 420, 421  VTsIK and, 107 Eighteenth Congress of Soviet     Communist Party (1939),     30 Eleventh Congress of Bolshevik     Party (Mar. 1922), 288,     295-97, 303, 306-8, 330,     446-47, 493, 513, 525 "Emancipation of Labor"     (group), 115 Emancipation of the serfs, 70 Employment, regulation of, 186;     see also entries begin-     ning with term: Labor Engels, Friedrich, 29, 49n, 115,     131n, 343, 470  cooperation and, 489-90  economism and, 43  on kulaks, 249n  Russia and, 214, 215, 218, 245,     246n, 255  state and, 460-61  on state and social classes, 30 Epidemics, 463n Estonia, 373
page 548
Exchange, peasant demand for     freedom of, 234-35; see     also New Economic Pol-     icy Expropriations, 467  generalized, 160  in industry and trade, 144-45  See also Nationalization; Req-     uisitioning Extraordinary commission, see     Cheka Factory committees, 178, 374  rise of, 73  technicians and, 155, 157  and town soviets, 75  workers' control and, 146-51  Workers' Opposition and, 388 Famine, 58, 463n Fifth Congress of Russian Social-     Democratic Labor Party     (1907), 121 Fifth Congress of Soviets, 107,     263 Fifth Trade Union Conference     (Nov. 1920), 389 Finland, 70, 365 First All-Russia Conference on     Party Work in the Coun-     tryside (1919), 231 First All-Russia Congress of     Soviets (Jun. 1917), 74,     75 First All-Russia Congress of     Workers' and Soldiers'     Soviets (Mar. 1917), 74 First Conference of Factory     Committees (spring     1917), 75 First Congress of Farm Laborers     of Petrograd Gubemia     (Mar. 1919), 226		First Congress of Peasants (May  1917), 77 Five year plans, 10, 37-41 Food rations, 361 Foreign intervention, 58  and dictatorship of proletariat,     507  and independence of state     machine, 336  peasant support and, 238  proletariat-peasant alliance     and, 221, 224  Red Army organization and,     94-95, 113  victory over, 200, 232, 233 Foriegn policy, recent Soviet,     13-14 Foreign-trade monopoly, 416-19 Fourth All-Russia Congress of     Soviets (Mar. 1918), 154 Fourth Congress of Communist     International (1922),     330 Fourth Congress of Russian So-     cial Democratic Party     (1906), 121 France, 42, 48n, 71 Franchise, 130n Functionaries, see Administra-     tive apparatus Gegochkori, 206n General Secretary  influence of, 310  Lenin on Stalin as,324; see also     Stalin, Joseph  post, established, 303 German Social Democracy, 359 German Social Democratic Party,     36, 327n, 460, 469-70 Germany, 42, 481, 486-87 Glavki (industrial direction), 154
page 549
Gorky, Maxim, 122, 527 Gotz, A. R., 206n Governmentalization of trade     unions, 35, 52n, 182-83,     384-91, 395, 455 GPU (State Political Administra-     tion), 310, 426, 527, 528  function of, 287-88 Grain production  fall in, 233  1909-1913 and 1920-1921,     248n  requisitioning of, suspended,     232-33 Great Proletarian Cultural Rev-     olution, 476n Hilferding, R., 470 Ideological class struggle, labor     discipline and, 176-81 Ideological role, conquest of     leading, 93-94; see also     Bolshevik Party --     ideological and political     struggles in; Bourgeois     ideology; Petty     bourgeois ideology Imperial Duma, 72, 117, 123 Imperialism, 69-71, 81, 87n-89n India, 70 Industry  iron and steel, lost to Germany,     373  Management of, see Supreme     Council of National Econ-     omy; Workers' Control  reactivation of, through state     capitalism, 181; see also     State capitalism		socialism and large-scale,     479-80  town class relations and mea-     sures affecting, 143-59  tsarist, 71-72 Intelligentsia, 21, 160, 161 Jacobin methods, 342, 343 Japan, 44 Jewish Bund, 122 Judiciary, intelligentsia in, 161 Juridical aspects of production     relations, 139-40; see     also Means of production Kabanidze, 426 Kaganovich, L. M., 304 Kaledin, Aleksei, 257, 260 Kalinin, M. I., 302 Kamenev, L. B., 48n-49n, 130n     31n, 327n, 433n  coalition government and,     371-72  defensist line of, 369-71  in intraparty struggles, 396  and Lenin's "Testament," 431  nationalities problem and, 422  on Politburo, 302  rightist trend of, 378 Kamensky, Gen. A. Z., 382 Karelian, 419-20 Kautsky, K., 118, 470 Kerensky, Alexander, 76, 81, 259 Kollontai, Alexandra, 388, 403 Kondrat'ev, N. D., 238 Kornilov, Gen. Lavr, 105, 206n Kosior, L. V., 310, 429 Kozlovsky, Gen. A. N., 363 Krassin, L. B., 430 Krestinsky, N. N., 302, 390
page 550
Kronstadt uprising, 233, 242, 265,     267, 307, 325, 356, 398  described, 362-66  effects of, 402-3  "war communism" and, 455-56 Kropotkin, Peter, 527 Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 43, 169     70, 299 Kulaks  agrarian communes and, 228  Engels on, 249n  income of, 244-45  middle peasants in fight     against, 225, 230, 284-85  new mir and, 236-37  poor peasants in fight against,     221, 222, 350, 351  See also: Mir Labor, militarizaffon of, 34, 384     88, 390, 455 Labor army, 188 Labor camps, 207n  established, 285-86  present population of, 12 Labor Code (RSFSR), 173 Labor desertion, 187, 188 Labor discipline, 34, 176-89  coercive measures, 184-89  Communist work and, 198-202  ideological class struggle and,     176-81  "left Communists" and, 375  socialist discipline and, 198     200  trade-union role in, 181-85  under "war communism,"     454-55 Labor mobilization, 183, 184,     186-88		Lamonov, A., 364 Land  decree on (1917), 210-11, 219  drop in uncultivated, 240  held by poor and middle peas-     ants, 238-39  household holdings in, 215-16  law on socialization of, 211  lost to Germany, 373  mir and, 213-14, 217  multiparcelization of, 237  peasant struggle for, 82, 84-90;     see also Democratic rev-     olution  recovered, 246n-47n  revolution and peasant hold-     ings in, 237-38 Land associations, decree on,     235-37 Land Committees, 76-77 Larin, M. A., 154 Lassalle, F., 117 Latvia, 372 "League of Struggle for the     Emancipation of the     Working Class" (group),     115, 120 "Left Communists," 156, 158,     174, 326n, 384, 393n  lack of realism of, 379n  state capitalism and, 372, 374     78, 468 Left opportunism, 413 Leftist-righffst opportunism,     34-35 Legal Marxism, struggle against,     115 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 21, 30, 53n,     57-60, 63n  balance sheet drawn up by,     437-38
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changes in conception of     NEP, 477-505   mistakes of "war com-     munism," 451-63   in period of "war com-     munism," 439-50   on state capitalism, 464-76  campaigns for insurrection, 90n  and countryside class relations   change in policy, 233-35,     255-57   former social relations in,     212-13   land question, 211, 245n   and middle peasants, 224     32, 351-55   mir and, 215   poor peasants and, 220-23  and dictatorship of proletariat   on bourgeois-proletarian re-     lations, 135   hegemony of class and, 127n   and limits of possible action,     95-96   military power and, 126n     27n   and party need to strengthen,     see Dictatorship of     proletariat -- Bolshevik     Party relations with   social classes defined by,     139-40   soviet organs and,104-6,110   and struggle to build party,     120-25   as system of power, 97-99   worker-peasant alliance and,     99-103  economism opposed by, 33, 35,     39-43  in February-October(1917), 75		breakdown in bourgeois     peasant collaboration     and, 80-81   and dual power, 72   forecast of April and, 84   insurrection, 82, 83   intraparty struggle, 369-72   national movements and, 86   and peasant revolt, 82   on revolutionary defensism,     79-80   on winning confidence     of peasants, 85  going against the tide, 414  illness of, 416-18, 432n  and independence of state     machine, 329, 337   class character of, 330-31,     338-41, 343  in intraparty struggles, 119, 345   Brest-Litovsk and, 372-74   close of debate with 1920 op-     positions, 396-401   in February-October (1917),     369-72   on foreign-trade monopoly,     416-19   ideological struggle, 368, 369   "left Communists" and state     capitalism, 375-77   mass line and administrative     centralism, 428-31   military opposition and, 382   nationalities question, 380,     381, 419-28   opposes Trotsky and Bukha-     rin, 389-92, 413   problem of appointment of     officials, 405-8   subjection of trade unions to     state machine, 384, 386
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Lenin, Vladimir Ilich  in intraparty struggles (cont.)   undeclared oppositions and,     416-18   and workers on Central     Committee, 383   and Workers' Opposition,     388-89, 402-10  letters of, 311, 321-25, 328n,     433n  Marxism of, 49n, 345-46, 358     59, 477, 519-21   and theoretical struggle for     primacy of, 114-17   on theory and practice, 113,     131n  and ownership of means of     production, 21, 22  on Politburo, 302  on politics, 252  and productive forces, 24  on Russia, 69  and slogan "All Power to the     Soviets," 411-12  state capitalism and,464-75,     476n, 487  "Testament" of, 429, 431,     434n-35n  and town class relations   on capital, 205n   and capital as social relation,     156   expropriations and, 144-45   labor discipline and,177-80,     185   managerial technicians and,     156   mass line and, 191-92   new production relations     and, 196-201   resistance of working class to		state bourgeoisie, 167-68   rightist-leftist extremism     and, 159   role of party and working     class, 358-59   state capitalism and, 154-55,     157   Taylor system and, 174   technicians and, 154, 161,     164, 203n   workers' control and, 145     48, 150, 153, 203n   and workers as party mem-     bers, 195  and transformation of organs of     power and administra-     tive apparatus, 251, 288   administrative apparatus,     271-74   anarchists and, 264-65   Bolshevik Party transformed,     292-93, 295-99,     302-25   bourgeois parties and, 258     61, 266-69   and central government or     gans, 256, 289n   Cheka and, 284-85   Red Army and, 280 Leninism, 358, 359, 469-75 Leninist, term, defined, 125, 132n Lindenberg, Daniel, 169 Lithuania, 372 Livonia, 373 Lunacharsky, A. V., 169, 170 Luxemburg, Rosa, 86, 343, 359 Makharadze, F. Y., 427 Makhno, Nestor, 265 Mamontov, General, 279
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Management, collective, re-     jected, 406; see also     Technicians Mao Tse-tung, 48n, 129n, 326n  on correct ideas, 198  going against the tide, 414  on having several parties,     289n-90n  on leadership, 62  on need for an army, 290n-91n Martov, Y. O., 121, 266 Marx, Karl, 115, 470  and cooperation, 489-90  defines capitalist class, 44  economism and, 43, 473-74  and educational system, 169  and indicators of social condi-     tions, 137  Jacobinism and, 343  on necessity of revolution, 177  and ownership of means of     production, 21, 22  on Paris Commune, 164  and peasant war and working     class movement, 496  and political forms, 251  and production relations, 21,     163, 208n-9n, 333, 334,     459, 492  and productive forces, 24, 52n  on proletariat, 359  reestablishing contact with     thought of, 49n  and Russia, 214, 215, 218, 245,     246n  state and, 460-61  on workers' cooperatives, 529n Marxism, 190  abandoned, 11  in Bolshevik Party, 292, 342,     345, 410-11		bourgeois ideology and, 50n  and constitution of proletariat     as dominant class, 190,     191  "democratic" parties and de-     velopment of, 270  dialectical development of, 119  as economism, 16, 46  emerging conceptions in     conflict with, 159  fresh vigor in, 47-48, 49n  and ideological obstacles to     transforming social rela-     tions, 519  of Kautsky, 470  of Lenin, see Lenin, Vladimir     Ilich  and political obstacles to dic-     tatorship of proletariat,     528  proletarian revolution and rev-     olutionary, 113, 114  revisionism and, 19-20; see     also Revisionism  sclerotic, 47  struggle for primacy of, in labor     movement, 114-18  theses of, congealed, 20-32 Mass line, 191-93, 493-95, 515,     517 Mdivani, B., 427 Means of production, 529n  bourgeois loss of power and     loss of control over, 136  collective control over, 44  in mir, 244  owned by poor peasants, 244  See also State ownership Mensheviks, 24, 190  changes in trade unions and,     184
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Mensheviks (cont.)  Chekawatches, 284  and class relations in country-     side, 233, 351  coalition government with,     371-72  Constitutional Assembly and,     103  and dictatorship of proletariat     189  economism of, 37  in educational system, 169  and election of officials, 407  elimination of party of, 259-61,     265-70  fight against (1905), 116  government structure and, 108  GPU and, 527  Kronstadt and, 267, 363, 365  local militias and, 278  oppose slogan "All Power to     Soviets," 89n  origin of term, 120  revolution betrayed by, 105  and ripening conditions for     October, 80  and rise of soviets, 73-76,     104  in struggle to form Bolshevik     Party, 120-23  in winter crisis (1920-1921),     362  workers' control and, 147, 148 Migration to countryside, 181 Milin, Gen. S., 382 Military expenditure, 13 Military Revolutionary Commit-     tee, 283 Militias, local, 278-79 Milyutin, J. P., 154, 416, 432n Mir (village community), 85,     239, 243		capitalism and, 216  decree recognizing, 235-37  democratic revolution and,     219-20  described, 213-18  land controlled by, 245n-46n  land detached from, before     revolution, 247n  means of production in, 244  peasant households in, 246n  revitalized, 223-24, 517  rural bourgeoisie in, 160, 243-     45, 337-38 Mode of production  bureaucracy and, 314  changing, 137-38  mir and, 216-17  political forms and, 251  social coordination of produc-     tion and, 146-47  See also Means of production;     and entries beginning     with term: Production Molotov, V., 123, 311, 321, 447 Narodniks, 115, 131n, 213-15 National Center, 364-66 National movement, 86, 87 Nationalities problem, 419-28,     433n-34n Nationalization, 206n-7n, 464,     467, 476n, 518  basis for, 160  decrees, 144  effects of, 136-37  in Ukraine, 204n New Economic Policy (NEP),     161, 326n, 451, 462, 475  abandoned, 40, 299-300  agrarian legislation of 1922     and, 235
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and alliance with peasants, 524  changes in Lenin's conception     of, 477-505  characterized, 446  decrees inaugurating, 235  differentiation in money wages     and bonuses under, 175  and disintegration of proletar-     iat, 172  economic position of peasants     and, 237-45  economism and, 35  established, 58, 356, 401, 453,     456  ideological and political strug-  gles at start of, 395-435  middle peasants and, 227  outline of, 468  petty bourgeoisie and, 162  as state capitalism, 58, 468-     69, 478  and strengthening dictatorship     of proletariat, 506, 510,     512-13, 515  technicians and, 168  trade-union role in, 330, 391  transformation of, 484-97  wages and, 166, 173 Ninth Congress of Bolshevik     Party (Mar. 1920), 157,     183, 185, 188, 201, 285,     317, 384-88, 406 Ninth Congress of Soviets (Dec.     1921), 256, 286-87 Notkin, A. Ya., 25 October Revolution, 65-90  conditions for, 79-83  and rise of soviet movement,     73-79		stages between April and Oc-     tober, 83-87 Officers (Red Army), 275-78,     281-83 Oganovsky, N. P., 238 Ordzhonikidze, S., 123, 425-27 Orgburo (Organization Bureau),     274, 302-4 Orgotdel, 303, 304 Osinsky, V. V., 174, 302, 376, 383,     384 Otzovism, 117, 122 Ouvrièrisme, 409-10, 515 Ownership, class relations and     forms of, 20-23; see also     Means of production Pankhurst, Sylvia, 264 Paris Commune (1871), 92, 164,     178, 459, 489 Partisan detachments, 279 Peasant banditry, 354 Peasant revolts (riots), 217-18,     240, 242, 361-62  February-October (1917), 82,     89n  1920-1921, 232  requisitioning and, 354-55  "war communism" and,     455-56 Peasantry, 21  allied with proletariat, 98-104,     115-17, 210, 323, 332,     478-81,512-13; see also     Democratic revolution Bolshevik Party relations with  accepting party leadership,     85  change in policy, 233-45,     355-57
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Peasantry  Bolshevik Party relations with     (cont.)   danger to party of worker-     peasant split, 323   democratic revolution and,     348-49   distrust of peasants, 515   historical relations between,     337-39   and increasing size of Cen-     tral Committee, 429-31   and intraparty struggles, 398   lack of support for party,     125-26   land and, 211; see also Land   limited representation     among peasants, 94-95,     216, 218, 223-24, 485     86, 523-24   middle peasants and, 227     29, 232, 351-52   peasants as members of, 194,     216, 315-21, 429-31   peasants as political obstacle,     523-25   poor peasants and, 220-24,     349-51  breakdown of collaboration be-     tween bourgeoisie and,     80-85  and building socialism, 477  characteristics of, and question     of power, 20n  class relations, 210-44  coercion of, 188, 189  cooperation and, 487-90, 511  dual power and, 84  on eve of October (1917), 80  middle, 161, 224-33, 284-85,     337-38, 351-52		NEP and, 478-503; see also     New Economic Policy  representation of, 102-3  requisitioning, 34, 58, 330-34,     337, 352-55, 455  revolutionary role of, 495-96  rise of, 87  in rise of soviets, 76-79  size of (1913), 88n  SRs among, see Social Rev-     olutionaries  soviets and, see Soviets  state capitalism and, 167  struggle for land, see Land  tsarist expropriation of, 72  in winter crisis, 361-66  Workers' Opposition and,     403-4  See also Kulaks Peking, Treaty of (1860), 87n People's Commissariat of Ag-     riculture, 488 People's Commissariat of Control     of the State, 273-74, 302 People's Commissariat for Food     Supplies, 354-55, 488 People's Commissariat of     Foreign Trade, 111,     416-17 People's Commissariat of Inter-     nal affairs, 287-88 People's Commissariat of Justice,     286 People's Commissariat of Labor,     181, 182, 186-88 People's Commissariat for     Nationalities, 381 People's Commissariat for War     and the Red Army, 275 People's Commissariat on Work-     ers' and Peasants' In-
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spection (RKI; Rabkrin),     274, 288, 302, 428-29 People's Liberation Army (PLA;     China), 281 Persia, 70 Peter the Great (tsar), 70 Peters, 284 Petrichenko, S. R., 362, 364 Petrograd Military Revolutionary     Committee, 112 Petrograd Soviet, 362  as administrative machine, 271  Central Executive Committee     and, 74  power of (1917), 72 Petrograd Trade-Union Council,     151 Petty bourgeois ideology  labor discipline and, 178-80  mir fosters individualism, 218  in party officials, 309-10 Petty bourgeoisie  appearing as workers, 322  banning organizations of,     268-70  as chief enemy, 480, 481, 484  concepts of socialism of, 470  at end of "war communism"     period, 159-71  human nature and, 196  "left Communists" as, 379n  NEP and, 401  peasantry and, 245   village petty bourgeoisie,     240-43  penetration of party by, 315,     521  size of, 162  state capitalism and, 481  state interference and, 147  weakening of private, and pos